SAP Basis beginner notes

The below notes were hand written by a collegue and I digitized them for public use. These are especially useful for beginner SAP Basis consultants looking for a quick cheatsheet. Keep in mind, I am not responsible for any broken production systems if you mess up. The below content is provided on as-is basis.

You will find many mistakes because the typing may have been wrong/misinformed, if possible please e-mail me with corrections and I will update them here.

Enjoy.

Tcodes

3 Layers:-

1. Presentation
2. Application
3. Database (SQL Processes)

Work processes of ABAP

1. Spool ---> For printing purpose
2. Update ---> Make update in the database if any
3. Dialog ---> It is like interface, eg (GUI) SAP logon
4. Background ---> Run job/processes in background
5. Enque (for lockup) ---> Lock the processes

ABAP Architecture

• Application layer provides environment to run processes
• Request will be one of the 5 processes
• Message server knows how many instance are there
• Dispatcher knows how many free instance are there

Sequence for ABAP System

Starting

1. Database
2. Central Services
3. Central Instances

• All instances can be identified by unique instance number. CS —> 01, CI — 00, (ASCS) —> ABAP, (SCS) —> Java

• 100 instances we can have at most

• SID (System ID ) ---> Should be 3 letters, should not start with digit & no special characters, uppercase letters only

• /usr/sap/< sid > ---> Log files, config files, executable files (kernel), temporary files.

• sapmnt / < sid > / (global directory)

• Files of IP address of all additional application instances for a particular system

• Security files, gateway files, authentical files.

• To go from one transaction to another

  /n:- Close this open new

  /o:- Keeps the other open to

Profiles (Configuration Files)

• Parameters needed to start an SAP system

  1. default ---> resource allocation
  2. instance ---> parameters used by specific instance
     • Central Service Profile
     • Central Instance Profile
     • Additional Instance Profile

• Each instance has its own config so separate instance profiles

• When we open system first default, then central service

• If any change is default profile, sys needs to be restarted

Transactions

• Whatever functionality needs to be used in SAP ABAP system they are taken care of transaction codes
• Required media
  • Kernel
  • GUI
  • Database

Shared Lock

• SSFS:- Secured store of file system

• Data file:- Stores name & password creations, to connect and fetch

• Key file:- Stores special key associated with database credentials. Different key values for db

• SAP Fiori:- Provides modern web based UI

• Role:- Every transcation has an authorization object & collection of objects is called Role

Collection of such roles is called Profile containing details of authorization object for particular use

• Profiles generated by SAP eg. SAP_ALL, SAP_CUST

App Server: 10.17.232.13 Instance No: 00 SID: TR5

User -- ILPBASIS11
Password -- Abc@123

• If user type is system of dialog then only we can login using SAP GUI SNC = Secured W/W Communication

• Roles

  1. Single

     • Master (Parent)
     • Derived

  2. Composite

Menu Tab in Roles

• Which transaction needs to be assign to that Role.

• Authorization:- Authorization object & organization level details

• When create role a new profile will be generated 1 profile attached to 1 role. User can be attached to role or profile

• Update:- Will update tables in database

  • U1 ---> Critical update
  • U2 ---> Less critical

• Gateway:- Allows to communicate between application server to administration server

HANA

• in-memory databse

• HANA is not only a database, its a suite of application software

• HANA Components:-

  1. Database
  2. Client
  3. Studio
  4. Lumina
  5. AFL
  6. SLT
  7. SDS
  8. SDI

BACKUP

• Copying entire system

1. Database
2. Filesystem (img backup)

• In SAP we have separate space for storing backup, generally thrice original space.
• Frequency of data depends on criticality of data.
• Path of location
• Removal of old backup

Backups

• HANA Studio - Gives a GUI to allow you to do things at OS level with logging to Linux server Admin, monitoring, maintain, update needed.

• SLT (SAP’s Linear Transformation)

• Realtime /Simultaneous replication/High Availability

Disaster Recovery (Replication)

• Primary: The one cue are working
• Secondary - The one with realtime replication and same geographical area
• Tertiary - Realtime replication in different area. In case of networks, server failure, its useful.

SDS - Smart Data Streaming

Majorly used for image/video processing

• Non-standard part of HANA
• Works on concept of AI
• Realtime streaming of data
• Installed explicitly

SDI - Smart Data Integration

• Separately stored procedures & written
• Only arithmetic/mathematical calculations

HANA DATABASE

Architecture

• Entire HANA in C++ so C++ compiles JCC files
• Index server is heart of system, basically data storing, data persistence, handling of queries
• statistic server is user, memory, processes info
• Name server stores metadata, stores system server information
• A merge brings data from persistance to index server

HANA DB version

• Check whether db is up and running sapcontrol -nr 02 -function GetProcessList

• DB2 and oracle dont work on instance no. functionality

• Red, grey, yellow, green colour code for HANA processes

• To check connection between app and DB: R3 trans-d

• Check filesystem : df -h

• Copy: cp

• Make directory: mkdir

• Change mode: chmod

• Change owner: chown

• extension files: .SAR

• Extract .SAR: SAPCAR -xvf <filename>.SAR -R <destination path>

Linux

To be added later

Kernel update

prerequisites

• DB/FS backup
• version of kernel
• Approval
• Plan downtime
• Space Availability check
• SM02 (to send msg to customer)
• Download required patch
• backup of exe folder exe folder path - sapmnt/< sid> (only kernel files) sar files
• lock all user [EWZ5] on SAP GUI backup cp -Rp systemname (linux x86_64/install/ ) extract root doesnt have access to extract files
• copy downloaded file of exe location

Upgrade steps

To be added later

Create user

• [SU01] -> Enter Lname and set password default users are ddic and sapstar user

• [SU10] -> for creating mass user

• i) startup profile, ii) default profile, iii) instance profile when 0 sapstar is allowed

• After 1st installation by default 3 clients are there 000 001, 066 (SAP Clients)
  000 - Main activity, end users cant work on these 3 clients
  066 - ewa/generate report about bg
  001 - copy of 000

• Any activity that end user wants to do are will create separate client till 1000 (999)

• logical system is necessary for each client Switch user in HANA DB - su -adm

• TOOO - table that stores client data snote - small correction, apply the notes support pckg - large scale correction, spam

• Schema user is used to connect ABAP user to DB

• RFC - Remote function call

Profiles

• SAP_ALL - all client specific data without change document
• SAP_APPL - customizing app data without change document
• SAP_APPX - SAP_APPL without authorization profile and roles
• SAP_CUST - customizing data
• SAP_CUSV - customizing and user variant
• SAP_CUSX - customizing without authorization profile and roles
• SAP_PROF - only authorization profile and roles
• SAP_UCSV - customizing user master record and user variants
• SAP_UCUS - customizing and user master record
• SAP_UONL - user without authorization profile and roles
• SAP_USEr - user master record and authorization profile

Prerequisites for client copy

• send msg to user using [SM02]
• check which users are logged on in the application server using [SM04]
• if logged on then lock particular user [EWZ5] lock all
• check if any background process is running using [SM37 then it needs to be suspended
• In [SE38] run Tcode[BTCtrans1] to suspend the jobs [BTCtrans2] to resume suspended jobs

RFC administration

• 4 types of Remote Function call (RFC)
  a) Synchronous - Both the system should be active
  b) Asynchronous - Not wait for result from target system
  c) Transactional - if system is available we’ll get result else not
  d) Queued - RFC will form a queue
  e) Background - merged transactional and queued rfc

Types of users

1. dialog
2. system
3. communication
4. reference
5. service

• Transport domain: DOMAIN_SID
• Domain Controller is used to manage all SAP system in some landscape
• Transport is used to move object frmo one SAP system to other system within same landscape DEV -> QAS -> PRD

STMS -> overview in SAP system -> virtual system -> SAP system -> create -> sid -> distription -> save

• During STMS, tms adm user is created and changes done are stored in domain.cfg file

/usr/sap/trans/bin/domain.cfg at OS level

• If name starts with SAP then that is standard layer otherwise that is customize layer

• 3 Types of routes are consolidated integrated and delivery

DEV -> QAS -> PRD
consolidated delivery

• /usr/sap/trans/bin which contains information of STMS and profile parameter of transport request.

• TP_DOMAIN- transport request parameter

• cofiles contain control info of transport request. that start with K

• Datafiles contains actual info of transport request. That start with R

• Path for both the file is /usr/sap/trans/cofiles (OR) /usr/sap/trans/datafiles

• Transport request naming:Kg <5 digit no>

• For single system there is no transport route

Types of Transport request

• Customizing request - it contain client specific obj data. Importing this will no affect all clients only a particular client.

• Workbench request - It contains cross client object and repository obj data. It affects all clients in the system. Changes done in development system is stored in repository.

• Transport of copies - It contains the more table data and is used for client refresh and database refresh

• Relocation - It is used for changing the location of one object from one sap system to another

• Whatever you change data in development system is stored in repository

• Transport target group if more than 3 system or multiple clients are present

• it works on extended domain controller used to transport the object within the same client and same system

• After config check connection SAP System -> check -> connection

• Variant is the input given to the program

• STMS import - find all the request queued extras -> other requests -> add

• Schedule - You have define the program name and variant but you have not define start conditions like start date and time

• Reloaded - All the required criteria are fulfilled for the job definition. Start condition must be define for the job in the release status

• Ready - All required conditions are may to run the job in bg, but the job scheduler has to put job in a queuem because it is waiting for the bg workprocesses to be free

• Active - job has started running in the bg, we cant change the status of the job when that are active

• Finish - job is executed successfully. It means task completed without an error

• Cancelled - there are 2 possibilities for this: a) Administrator may stop it forcefully b) issue in job

• Start condition for BG job

1. date/time
2. immediate
3. after job
4. after event
5. An operation mode (provide time period)

Before installation

• check which solution of SAP system we need to install

• check which DB we need to install

• check database and SAP system solution for particular system

• check RAM size, storage, CPUs and OS version

• To install the SAP system below software is required: a) Windows/Linux server b) DB software c) BAR R/3 SAP kernel CD d) Export CDs e) FS and require directory should be created on win/linux server

R/3 installation - DB -> DB install (HANA/ASE/Oracle) - Application -> (CS/DB/CI)

S/W of solution (ECC6.0) which we are going to install

• kernel file
• DB (Oracle)
• Installation upgrade for language
• SWPM (Software package manager)

First we install CS then DB and lastly CI

Run SWPM sapinst -> Find out SAP ERP version frmo kernel dump SAP ERP 6.0 EhP6 6.0 - ECC, EhP6 - Enhancement package

SAP Business Suite = {CRM, SCM, ERP}

2 ways to install SAP

• Central instance - DB and app on same system
• Distributed instance - DB and app are on different system

Select CI -> Software provisioning Manager -> define parameter -> parameter mode -> typical -> it will take 00 as default installation -> Custom -> OK

• In software provisioning manager -> maintain FQDM -> then set password -> then choose local installation (if db and s/w are in single system)

Kernel Upgrade process flow:

• Download the files: SAPEXE/SAPEXEDB

• Copy/Move to application server

• Extract files

• Stop application

• Kill supstartsrv process

• Take backup of kernel directory

• Copy/Move previously extracted kernel files to the actual kernel dir

• Correct ownership of some exe files with ./saproot.sh <SID> as root.

• Switch touser and test the database connectivity with Rstrans -d

• Start application

• Kernel directory: /sapmnt//exe/uc/linux86_64

• Instance directory: /454/sap//sys/global

• Global dir getting files frmo: /sapmnt//global

• Keep your extracted kernel files into /sapmnt directory

SAP JAVA: Server Administration

• http://hec03v0233460.sh.hec.sap.biz:50000/startpage hec03v0233460 - server, sh.hec.sap.biz - FQDN, 50000 - port number

• SAP netweaver administrator (no client concept in java system)

• Credentials

• To create roles go to identity management -> create user -> fill in info (name, pass, group)

• 001 client contain some info about java system (user)

• 7.1X and above central instance became primary application server instance and dialog instance became add app server which contains application server instance + central instance

Errors in TMS:

• Why ASE is more stable than HANA?

• Latest version of ASE: 16.0

• SAP never allowed you to downgrade support pcick or DISDC files downgrade compatible

• using SUM you can upgrade all components at any time

• using SPAM you can upgrade only 1 component at a time

• ABAP support pack upgrade one by one

• Java support pack upgrade directly

• SOLMAN -> managing solution - 7.2 (monitoring different SAP solution)

SOLMAN as a whole central console

• What is system refresh? Copy a SAP system to another

• Latest HANA version? 2.0.23

• Return Codes?

• SNOTE: small correction apply on notes

• Patch: upgrade version of SAP system

• Maintanence planner tool to make XML/generate file

• Stock file contains all the updates which we need to change

Stackfile is actual data of particular sid while XML is just data

• Addon are the additional features in already installed system.

Modern DB platform

• SAP HANA is the MDP
• Data will store in CRM and ERP
• OperationalData Store - This will take required data from CRM and ERP
• Traditional approach is used before HANA came
• Transactional process - It works with analysis part
• ETL (Extraction, ransformation, loading)

Summarize data

• Data model - Summarize data will store in data model
• Indices - it is index and start with 0
• Aggregates - It stored periodically used data
• Data warehouse - Collection of multiple databases and stored data for a long time
• Data mart: specific set of data (eg. HR/Finance data)
• Analysis: Analyze the inventory (eg. which product is used more)
• Inmemory data are faster
• HANA is a tool which is used as developing platform
• In HANA no need to summarize the data that whole process is done in modern enterprise platform
• Example: ILP
• HANA is efficient, flexible and not time consuming
• Data footprint is the space acquired by the data whether it is deleted or available

Policies of HANA

• SAP HANA Support Pack stack: Released every 6 months and is a set of components

• SAP HANA support package revision - only few components will update (3 months)

• SAP HANA system varified revision - After applying support pack stack it will release every 3 months

• SAP HANA maintainence revisions - released every 2 months

Components of HANA

• Hash - Environment in which HANA is stored with all info

• System: Identify by ID (SID). It needs OS

• Instance: Host -> it has storage, local dir. We can access system via host

• Data volume

• Hypervisor

• Root directory HANA STUDIO data will be stored in /hana/shared/sid/hdbclient, /hana/shared/sid/hdbstudio

• /usr/sap -> local files

• Actual data and log data will be stored respectively: hana/data/sid, hana/log/sid

• To get log file/dir with timestamp: ls -lah

• Save point consists of latest update of data/recent change

/ERROR := display/give the error in logfile /parametername := It will display that parameter

• Monitor and handle wakprocess is done by web dispature

• Virtualip list - It is gives configured virtual L10s

HANA Commands

• To check if the database is running on the server: sapcontrol -n 02 -function GetProcessList 02 - instance no.

• Stop HANA DB: HDB stop

• Start HANA DB: HDB Start

• Show a status of sapcontrol: watch

• logs of file: cdtrace

• To see the user are there: hdbuserstore list

• Change the key of particular user: hdbuserstore set

• To login into the user: hdbsql -u

• version of HANA DB: HDB version

Apply License

• Go to SLicense -> Install License -> Find Notepad and fill details

[SM51] - Find kernel version

RFC Connection types

Connection - Type ABAP - 3 HTTP to external server - G HTTP to ABAP system - H Internal connections - I Logical connections - L TCP/IP connections - T Connection via ABAP driver - X

RFC Connection

RFC connection -> Destination -> Administration -> Technical setting (gateway host and IP) -> Logon & security (provide user)

• To update request type TCODE [SM13]

Administration -> Update -> server (eg. critical and less critical) -> Parameters

• We can deactivate this TCODE

System lock management

• To check which user is logged in the particular table enter TCODE SM12 -> enter table name -> lock that user (if you want to use that table)

• To check logs we have ST22 and SM21 at time of error

• How to troubleshoot when SAP goes down: /usr/sap//<ins.no.>/logfiles/(you can get error in that logfiles)

SUM - Software Upgrade manager

• XML

• Patches

• SUM Files (SAR)

• All the files must be in a single folder

• To generate the stack files maintanence planner (download this file)

• It requires superuser and password

Maintenance planner

• ABAP (Provide SID)

• JAVA

• You need to give OS version/name, addons, SP level, net viewer version, kernel version, SP GUI version

• Generate XML (put in download basket)

• Download patches (put in download basket)

• Download SUM fill (put it in installation location) (server) (all files should be in single folder)

• Change mode of SUM file and also give sidadm permission: chmod 777, chown:sapsys

• Extract SAR files -> SUM Folder SAPCAR -XVF <filename>

• Run startup file using /startup config hostagent

• Run the SUM

• it will provide link for ABAP SUM upgrade.

• Select link and run it in browser

• You need to give sidadm and password

• it will ask you for the XML file (File location:install/../stack.xml)

• it will lock your system in execute step

• If you want to unlock the system at the time of execution phase: a) go to SUM folder with cd SUM/ABAP/exe b) run tp unlocksys <SAPSID>pf = ..\var\DEFAULT.TPP c) run tp unlock_e4 <SAPSID>pf = ..\var\DEFAULT.TPP

• If you want to upgrade single component use SPAM

Prerequisites for support package implementation:

• Support package should be aplpied on client 000
• The user to be used for support package implemntation must have authorization of DDIC and SAP
• Call the transaction spam and see if any previous support package implementation is incomplete or not
• You can proceed ahead unless previous support package implementation is successful
• Ensure that there is enough space in transport directory (/usr/sap/trans)
• Take a backup before starting upgrade (DB and FS)
• Lock users using (EWZ5)
• Suspend bg jobs -> SE38 -> BTCTrans1
• Valid license should be mandatory

Steps to upgrade support package

• Download the required support packages from SMP (Service Marketplace)
• Load the support packages (SPAM) a) from app server (have to store it in trans directory) >10mb b) from frontend (you can store it in any location required) <10mb compress support pkgs which are in the trans directory using SAPCAR -XVF. .ATT4 .PAT files are there .ATT4 = Attrbiute file .PAT = Patch file

c) It will put your files in /usr/sap/trans/EPS/in folder

• Patch version should be latest
• We can revert snotes but we can’t revert support pack and addons

SAP Note -> reset (reset snotes)

• System -> status (to check support packs)

Apply support package:

SPAM -> Display -> select package and click on queue -> go back -> check in queue and click on truck icon (apply)

• It will ask for bg and immediate

Target Audience

• SAP Technology Consultant
• Technical Business Solution Manager
• IT Governance experts
• Business and Project Team leaders

System change options

SE06 -> Change system option -> Global Setting (modifiable/non-modifiable)

Modifiable - In the standard SAP s/w component particular component can be modified

Restricted Modifiable - Only can create object. You cant modify directly, you can create an object which will not reflect the original component

Not modifiable - Enhanceable only -> You cant change the object, however the object can be enhanced

Not modifiable; not enhanceable - -> You cant change the object, you cant enhance either